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Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, Hawkins C, Ng HK, Pfister SM, Reifenberger G, Soffietti R, von Deimling A, Ellison DW. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary.
Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231-1251.
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Northcott PA, Robinson GW, Kratz CP, Mabbott DJ, Pomeroy SL, Clifford SC, Rutkowski S, Ellison DW, Malkin D, Taylor MD, Gajjar A, Pfister SM. Medulloblastoma.
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Pajtler KW, Witt H, Sill M, Jones DTW, Hovestadt V, Kratochwil F, Wani K, Tatevossian R, Punchihewa C, Johann P, et al.. Molecular Classification of Ependymal Tumors across All CNS Compartments, Histopathological Grades, and Age Groups.
Cancer Cell. 2015;27(5):728-743.
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Brastianos PK, Taylor-Weiner A, Manley PE, Jones RT, Dias-Santagata D, Thorner AR, Lawrence MS, Rodriguez FJ, Bernardo LA, Schubert L, et al.. Exome sequencing identifies BRAF mutations in papillary craniopharyngiomas.
Nat Genet. 2014;46(2):161-165.
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Dombi E, Baldwin A, Marcus LJ, Fisher MJ, Weiss B, Kim A, Whitcomb P, Martin S, Aschbacher-Smith LE, Rizvi TA, et al.. Activity of Selumetinib in Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Related Plexiform Neurofibromas.
N Engl J Med. 2016;375(26):2550-2560.
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Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Young Poussaint T, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Banerjee A, Packer RJ, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, et al.. Selumetinib in paediatric patients with BRAF-aberrant or neurofibromatosis type 1-associated recurrent, refractory, or progressive low-grade glioma: a multicentre, phase 2 trial.
Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(7):1011-1022.
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Adzick NS, Thom EA, Spong CY, Brock JW 3rd, Burrows PK, Johnson MP, Howell LJ, Farrell JA, Dabrowiak ME, Sutton LN, Gupta N, Tulipan NB, D'Alton ME, Farmer DL. A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele.
N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):993-1004.
MOMS trial, the landmark RCT of in-utero vs postnatal myelomeningocele repair.
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Kulkarni AV, Drake JM, Kestle JR, Mallucci CL, Sgouros S, Constantini S. Predicting who will benefit from endoscopic third ventriculostomy compared with shunt insertion in childhood hydrocephalus using the ETV Success Score.
J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;6(4):310-315.
Original derivation and internal validation of the ETV Success Score (ETV-SS) using the International Infant Hydrocephalus Study cohort.
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Warf BC, Campbell JW. Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment of hydrocephalus for infants with myelomeningocele: long-term results of a prospective intent-to-treat study in 115 East African infants.
J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;2(5):310-316.
Long-term ETV+CPC outcomes in infants with MMC-related hydrocephalus; Warf's seminal Ugandan series.
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Houtrow AJ, Thom EA, Fletcher JM, Burrows PK, Adzick NS, Thomas NH, Brock JW 3rd, Cooper T, Lee H, Bilaniuk L, Glenn OA, Mahmoodi A, MacPherson C, Farmer DL, Johnson MP, Howell LJ, Walker WO, Gupta N, Farrell JA. Prenatal Repair of Myelomeningocele and School-age Functional Outcomes.
Pediatrics. 2020;145(2):e20191544.
Long-term (school-age) follow-up of the MOMS trial cohort; sustained benefit of prenatal repair on hindbrain herniation and shunt diversion, with mixed motor / cognitive findings.
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Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, Totten AM, Adelson PD, Selden NR, Davis-O'Reilly C, Hart EL, Bell MJ, Bratton SL, Grant GA, Kissoon N, Reuter-Rice KE, Vavilala MS, Wainwright MS. Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines.
Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20(3S Suppl 1):S1-S82.
BTF Pediatric Severe TBI Guidelines, 3rd Edition, the principal evidence-based reference for management of severe TBI in infants, children and adolescents.
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Christian CW, Block R; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. Abusive head trauma in infants and children.
Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):1409-1411.
AAP clinical report endorsing the term 'abusive head trauma' (over historical 'shaken baby syndrome') and outlining the recommended clinical, radiological, and multidisciplinary approach.
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Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS, Hoyle JD Jr, Atabaki SM, Holubkov R, Nadel FM, Monroe D, Stanley RM, Borgialli DA, Badawy MK, Schunk JE, Quayle KS, Mahajan P, Lichenstein R, Lillis KA, Tunik MG, Jacobs ES, Callahan JM, Gorelick MH, Glass TF, Lee LK, Bachman MC, Cooper A, Powell EC, Gerardi MJ, Melville KA, Muizelaar JP, Wisner DH, Zuspan SJ, Dean JM, Wootton-Gorges SL; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study.
Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1160-1170.
PECARN derivation and validation of age-specific clinical decision rules to identify children at minimal risk of clinically-important TBI after minor head injury, the basis of contemporary CT triage in paediatric head trauma.
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Pang D, Wilberger JE Jr. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities in children.
J Neurosurg. 1982;57(1):114-129.
The original description of SCIWORA (spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality), a recognised paediatric entity arising from the elastic immaturity of the paediatric spine.
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Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations.
J Neurosurg. 1986;65(4):476-483.
The Spetzler-Martin grading system for cerebral AVMs (size, eloquence of adjacent brain, and pattern of venous drainage) remains the principal pre-operative risk-stratification tool.
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Scott RM, Smith ER. Moyamoya disease and moyamoya syndrome.
N Engl J Med. 2009;360(12):1226-1237.
Authoritative NEJM review of moyamoya disease and syndrome, including paediatric presentation, imaging, and surgical revascularisation.
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Lasjaunias PL, Chng SM, Sachet M, Alvarez H, Rodesch G, Garcia-Monaco R. The management of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations.
Neurosurgery. 2006;59(5 Suppl 3):S184-194.
The Bicêtre group's classification and management framework for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs), incorporating the Bicêtre neonatal evaluation score.
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Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJB, Belanger K, Brandes AA, Marosi C, Bogdahn U, Curschmann J, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, Gorlia T, Allgeier A, Lacombe D, Cairncross JG, Eisenhauer E, Mirimanoff RO. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma.
N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987-996.
EORTC 26981/22981–NCIC CE.3 randomized trial; established concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide with radiotherapy (the 'Stupp regimen') as standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (median OS 14.6 vs 12.1 months; 2-year survival 26.5% vs 10.4%).
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Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Weller M, Kros JM, Hainfellner JA, Mason W, Mariani L, Bromberg JEC, Hau P, Mirimanoff RO, Cairncross JG, Janzer RC, Stupp R. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma.
N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):997-1003.
Companion analysis to the EORTC/NCIC trial; MGMT promoter methylation is an independent favorable prognostic factor and predicts benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma.
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Stupp R, Taillibert S, Kanner A, Read W, Steinberg D, Lhermitte B, Toms S, Idbaih A, Ahluwalia MS, Fink K, Di Meco F, Lieberman F, Zhu JJ, Stragliotto G, Tran D, Brem S, Hottinger A, Kirson ED, Lavy-Shahaf G, Weinberg U, Kim CY, Paek SH, Nicholas G, Bruna J, Hirte H, Weller M, Palti Y, Hegi ME, Ram Z. Effect of Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Maintenance Temozolomide vs Maintenance Temozolomide Alone on Survival in Patients With Glioblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA. 2017;318(23):2306-2316.
EF-14 trial; adding Tumor-Treating Fields to maintenance temozolomide improved median OS (20.9 vs 16.0 months) and PFS in newly diagnosed glioblastoma after chemoradiotherapy.
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Sanai N, Polley MY, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Berger MS. An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed glioblastomas.
J Neurosurg. 2011;115(1):3-8.
Volumetric analysis of 500 patients, a survival advantage was seen with as little as 78% extent of resection of contrast-enhancing tumor, with stepwise improvement continuing into the 95–100% range.
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Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J, Fink K, Souhami L, Laperriere N, Curran W, Mehta M. Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term results of RTOG 9402.
J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(3):337-343.
RTOG 9402; in 1p/19q-codeleted anaplastic oligodendroglioma, radiotherapy plus PCV chemotherapy doubled median survival versus radiotherapy alone (14.7 vs 7.3 years).
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Weller M, van den Bent M, Preusser M, Le Rhun E, Tonn JC, Minniti G, Bendszus M, Balana C, Chinot O, Dirven L, French P, Hegi ME, Jakola AS, Platten M, Roth P, Rudà R, Short S, Smits M, Taphoorn MJB, von Deimling A, Westphal M, Soffietti R, Reifenberger G, Wick W. EANO guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse gliomas of adulthood.
Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18(3):170-186.
European Association of Neuro-Oncology evidence-based guideline on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of adult diffuse gliomas.
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Goldbrunner R, Stavrinou P, Jenkinson MD, Sahm F, Mawrin C, Weber DC, Preusser M, Minniti G, Lund-Johansen M, Lefranc F, Houdart E, Sallabanda K, Le Rhun E, Nieuwenhuizen D, Tabatabai G, Soffietti R, Weller M. EANO guideline on the diagnosis and management of meningiomas.
Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(11):1821-1834.
EANO guideline; watch-and-scan for selected asymptomatic tumours, gross-total resection (including involved dura) as primary treatment, and radiosurgery/radiotherapy for inoperable, residual, recurrent, or higher-grade meningiomas.
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Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Macdonald JS, Young B. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain.
N Engl J Med. 1990;322(8):494-500.
Landmark RCT, for a single brain metastasis, surgical resection plus radiotherapy gave longer survival, fewer local recurrences, and better functional independence than radiotherapy alone.
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Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Dempsey RJ, Mohiuddin M, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Foon KA, Young B. Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial.
JAMA. 1998;280(17):1485-1489.
RCT, after complete resection of a single brain metastasis, postoperative whole-brain radiotherapy reduced intracranial recurrence and neurological death, without a significant difference in overall survival.
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Molitch ME. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review.
JAMA. 2017;317(5):516-524.
JAMA review; prolactinomas are treated first-line with dopamine agonists; for all other pituitary adenomas, transsphenoidal surgery is generally first-line, with medical therapy reserved for tumours not cured by surgery. About half of adenomas are microadenomas (<10 mm).
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Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, Sandercock P, Clarke M, Shrimpton J, Holman R; International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial.
Lancet. 2002;360(9342):1267-1274.
ISAT; in ruptured aneurysms suitable for both treatments, endovascular coiling gave better survival free of disability at 1 year than neurosurgical clipping (dependency or death 23.7% vs 30.6%).
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Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, Meissner I, Brown RD Jr, Piepgras DG, Forbes GS, Thielen K, Nichols D, O'Fallon WM, Peacock J, Jaeger L, Kassell NF, Kongable-Beckman GL, Torner JC; International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment.
Lancet. 2003;362(9378):103-110.
ISUIA; prospective natural-history and treatment-risk data showing 5-year rupture risk rising with aneurysm size and posterior-circulation location, often equalled or exceeded by repair risk for small anterior aneurysms.
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Greving JP, Wermer MJH, Brown RD Jr, Morita A, Juvela S, Yonekura M, Ishibashi T, Torner JC, Nakayama T, Rinkel GJE, Algra A. Development of the PHASES score for prediction of risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a pooled analysis of six prospective cohort studies.
Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(1):59-66.
Derivation of the PHASES score (Population, Hypertension, Age, Size of aneurysm, earlier SAH, Site) to estimate 5-year rupture risk of incidental intracranial aneurysms.
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Mohr JP, Parides MK, Stapf C, Moquete E, Moy CS, Overbey JR, Al-Shahi Salman R, Vicaut E, Young WL, Houdart E, Cordonnier C, Stefani MA, Hartmann A, von Kummer R, Biondi A, Berkefeld J, Klijn CJM, Harkness K, Libman R, Barreau X, Moskowitz AJ; international ARUBA investigators. Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial.
Lancet. 2014;383(9917):614-621.
ARUBA, for unruptured brain AVMs, medical management alone was superior to medical management plus interventional therapy for the composite of death or symptomatic stroke over the trial follow-up (randomisation halted early).
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Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, Murray GD, Teasdale GM, Hope DT, Karimi A, Shaw MDM, Barer DH; STICH investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial.
Lancet. 2005;365(9457):387-397.
STICH; no overall benefit from early surgery versus initial conservative treatment for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage.
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Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Rowan EN, Murray GD, Gholkar A, Mitchell PM; STICH II Investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial.
Lancet. 2013;382(9890):397-408.
STICH II, for conscious patients with superficial lobar ICH (10–100 mL) without intraventricular haemorrhage, early surgery did not improve the primary outcome, with at most a small survival signal.
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North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators (Barnett HJM, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Peerless SJ, Ferguson GG, Fox AJ, Rankin RN, Hachinski VC, Wiebers DO, Eliasziw M). Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis.
N Engl J Med. 1991;325(7):445-453.
NASCET; carotid endarterectomy markedly reduced ipsilateral stroke in symptomatic high-grade (70–99%) carotid stenosis (2-year ipsilateral stroke 9% surgical vs 26% medical).
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Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, Brooks W, Mackey A, Hill MD, Leimgruber PP, Sheffet AJ, Howard VJ, Moore WS, Voeks JH, Hopkins LN, Cutlip DE, Cohen DJ, Popma JJ, Ferguson RD, Cohen SN, Blackshear JL, Silver FL, Mohr JP, Lal BK, Meschia JF; CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis.
N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):11-23.
CREST; no significant difference between carotid stenting and endarterectomy for the composite of stroke, MI, or death; peri-procedural stroke was higher with stenting and myocardial infarction higher with endarterectomy.
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Hoh BL, Ko NU, Amin-Hanjani S, Chou SH, Cruz-Flores S, Dangayach NS, Derdeyn CP, Du R, Hänggi D, Hetts SW, Ifejika NL, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Lucke-Wold B, Rabinstein AA, Robicsek SA, Stapleton CJ, Suarez JI, Tjoumakaris SI, Welch BG. 2023 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
Stroke. 2023;54(7):e314-e370.
AHA/ASA 2023 evidence-based guideline for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (replaces the 2012 guideline).
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Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, Dowlatshahi D, Francis B, Goldstein JN, Hemphill JC 3rd, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Mack WJ, Mocco J, Newton EJ, Ruff IM, Sansing LH, Schulman S, Selim MH, Sheth KN, Sprigg N, Sunnerhagen KS. 2022 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
Stroke. 2022;53(7):e282-e361.
AHA/ASA 2022 evidence-based guideline for the management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage.
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Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, Shaw MD, Teasdale GM, Foy PM, Humphrey PR, Lang DA, Nelson R, Richards P. Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial.
BMJ. 1989;298(6674):636-642.
British aneurysm nimodipine trial; oral nimodipine after aneurysmal SAH reduced cerebral infarction (22% vs 33%) and poor outcome (20% vs 33%).
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Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, Tosteson ANA, Hanscom B, Skinner JS, Abdu WA, Hilibrand AS, Boden SD, Deyo RA. Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): a randomized trial.
JAMA. 2006;296(20):2441-2450.
SPORT lumbar disc-herniation randomized trial, both surgical (discectomy) and non-operative groups improved substantially over 2 years; very high crossover limited intention-to-treat conclusions.
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Weinstein JN, Tosteson TD, Lurie JD, Tosteson ANA, Blood E, Hanscom B, Herkowitz H, Cammisa F, Albert T, Boden SD, Hilibrand A, Goldberg H, Berven S, An H. Surgical versus nonsurgical therapy for lumbar spinal stenosis.
N Engl J Med. 2008;358(8):794-810.
SPORT lumbar spinal stenosis; in the as-treated analysis, decompressive surgery gave significantly greater improvement in pain and function than non-surgical care, sustained at 2 years.
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Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD, Hanscom B, Tosteson ANA, Blood EA, Birkmeyer NJO, Hilibrand AS, Herkowitz H, Cammisa FP, Albert TJ, Emery SE, Lenke LG, Abdu WA, Longley M, Errico TJ, Hu SS. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis.
N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2257-2270.
SPORT degenerative spondylolisthesis; patients treated surgically (laminectomy with or without fusion) showed substantially greater improvement in pain and function over 2 years than those treated non-surgically.
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Ghogawala Z, Dziura J, Butler WE, Dai F, Terrin N, Magge SN, Coumans JV, Harrington JF, Amin-Hanjani S, Schwartz JS, Sonntag VKH, Barker FG 2nd, Benzel EC. Laminectomy plus Fusion versus Laminectomy Alone for Lumbar Spondylolisthesis.
N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424-1434.
SLIP trial, for grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis with stenosis, adding instrumented fusion to laminectomy gave a small but clinically meaningful improvement in physical health-related quality of life and a lower reoperation rate (14% vs 34%), at the cost of greater blood loss and longer stay.
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Försth P, Ólafsson G, Carlsson T, Frost A, Borgström F, Fritzell P, Öhagen P, Michaëlsson K, Sandén B. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Fusion Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.
N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1413-1423.
Swedish Spinal Stenosis Study; among patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, with or without degenerative spondylolisthesis, adding fusion to decompression did not improve clinical outcomes at 2 or 5 years, while increasing length of stay and cost.
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Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Kopjar B, Yoon ST, Arnold PM, Massicotte EM, Vaccaro AR, Brodke DS, Shaffrey CI, Smith JS, Woodard EJ, Banco RJ, Chapman JR, Janssen ME, Bono CM, Sasso RC, Dekutoski MB, Gokaslan ZL. Efficacy and safety of surgical decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: results of the AOSpine North America prospective multi-center study.
J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(18):1651-1658.
AOSpine North America prospective multicentre study; surgical decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy improved functional (mJOA, Nurick), disability (NDI) and quality-of-life outcomes at 1 year across all severity categories (overall complication rate ~19%).
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Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell MJ, Bratton SL, Chesnut R, Harris OA, Kissoon N, Rubiano AM, Shutter L, Tasker RC, Vavilala MS, Wilberger J, Wright DW, Ghajar J. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition.
Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6-15.
Brain Trauma Foundation severe-TBI guidelines, 4th edition, the principal evidence-based reference for managing severe traumatic brain injury in adults (ICP and CPP thresholds, osmotherapy, and avoidance of secondary insults).
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Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV, Murray L, Arabi YM, Davies AR, D'Urso P, Kossmann T, Ponsford J, Seppelt I, Reilly P, Wolfe R. Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury.
N Engl J Med. 2011;364(16):1493-1502.
DECRA trial; early bifrontotemporoparietal decompressive craniectomy for diffuse TBI with refractory intracranial hypertension lowered ICP and ICU stay but was associated with worse functional outcomes.
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Hutchinson PJ, Kolias AG, Timofeev IS, Corteen EA, Czosnyka M, Timothy J, Anderson I, Bulters DO, Belli A, Eynon CA, Wadley J, Mendelow AD, Mitchell PM, Wilson MH, Critchley G, Sahuquillo J, Unterberg A, Servadei F, Teasdale GM, Pickard JD, Menon DK, Murray GD, Kirkpatrick PJ; RESCUEicp Trial Collaborators. Trial of Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension.
N Engl J Med. 2016;375(12):1119-1130.
RESCUEicp trial; last-tier decompressive craniectomy for refractory traumatic intracranial hypertension lowered mortality but with more survivors in vegetative or severely disabled states (a trade of mortality for disability).
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Chesnut RM, Temkin N, Carney N, Dikmen S, Rondina C, Videtta W, Petroni G, Lujan S, Pridgeon J, Barber J, Machamer J, Chaddock K, Celix JM, Cherner M, Hendrix T; Global Neurotrauma Research Group. A trial of intracranial-pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury.
N Engl J Med. 2012;367(26):2471-2481.
BEST:TRIP trial; in the setting studied, care guided by intracranial-pressure monitoring was not superior to care guided by serial imaging and clinical examination.
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Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, Gordon D, Hartl R, Newell DW, Servadei F, Walters BC, Wilberger JE; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of acute epidural hematomas.
Neurosurgery. 2006;58(3 Suppl):S7-S15.
Brain Trauma Foundation surgical-management guideline, an epidural haematoma >30 cm³ should be evacuated regardless of GCS, with urgent evacuation for a comatose patient (GCS <9) with anisocoria.
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Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, Gordon D, Hartl R, Newell DW, Servadei F, Walters BC, Wilberger JE; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas.
Neurosurgery. 2006;58(3 Suppl):S16-S24.
Brain Trauma Foundation surgical-management guideline, an acute subdural haematoma with thickness >10 mm or midline shift >5 mm should be evacuated regardless of GCS.
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Liu J, Ni W, Zuo Q, Yang H, Peng Y, et al.; MAGIC-MT Investigators. Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization for Nonacute Subdural Hematoma.
N Engl J Med. 2024;391(20):1901-1912.
MAGIC-MT; multicentre randomized trial of middle meningeal artery embolization added to usual care (burr-hole drainage or nonsurgical treatment) for nonacute (subacute/chronic) subdural haematoma.
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Barker FG 2nd, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins MV, Jho HD. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia.
N Engl J Med. 1996;334(17):1077-1083.
Long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 1185 patients, about 70% were free of pain without medication at 10 years (Kaplan–Meier), with low major-complication rates.
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Gronseth G, Cruccu G, Alksne J, Argoff C, Brainin M, Burchiel K, Nurmikko T, Zakrzewska JM. Practice parameter: the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Neurological Societies.
Neurology. 2008;71(15):1183-1190.
AAN/EFNS evidence-based review; carbamazepine (Level A) or oxcarbazepine (Level B) for pain control; for refractory trigeminal neuralgia, percutaneous Gasserian-ganglion techniques, gamma knife, and microvascular decompression may be considered.
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Deuschl G, Schade-Brittinger C, Krack P, Volkmann J, Schäfer H, Bötzel K, et al.; German Parkinson Study Group, Neurostimulation Section. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.
N Engl J Med. 2006;355(9):896-908.
Randomized-pairs trial; subthalamic-nucleus deep brain stimulation plus medication was more effective than medical management alone for quality of life and motor symptoms (UPDRS-III) at 6 months in advanced Parkinson's disease, with more serious adverse events in the stimulation group.
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Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy.
N Engl J Med. 2001;345(5):311-318.
Landmark RCT, for temporal-lobe epilepsy, surgery was superior to continued medical therapy (58% vs 8% free of seizures impairing awareness at 1 year), with better quality of life.
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Engel J Jr, McDermott MP, Wiebe S, Langfitt JT, Stern JM, Dewar S, Sperling MR, Gardiner I, Erba G, Fried I, Jacobs M, Vinters HV, Mintzer S, Kieburtz K; Early Randomized Surgical Epilepsy Trial (ERSET) Study Group. Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial.
JAMA. 2012;307(9):922-930.
ERSET; among patients with newly intractable mesial temporal-lobe epilepsy, early anteromesial temporal resection plus medication gave a lower probability of seizures in year 2 than continued antiepileptic-drug treatment alone (trial halted early for slow accrual).
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Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH. Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal-fluid pressure: a treatable syndrome.
N Engl J Med. 1965;273:117-126.
Original description of normal-pressure hydrocephalus; ventriculomegaly with normal CSF pressure presenting as a treatable syndrome responsive to CSF shunting.
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Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, Bergsneider M, Black PM. Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus.
Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 Suppl):S4-S16.
Evidence-based diagnostic guideline for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus, classifying patients as probable, possible, or unlikely iNPH.
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NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group Writing Committee; Wall M, McDermott MP, Kieburtz KD, Corbett JJ, Feldon SE, Friedman DI, Katz DM, Keltner JL, Schron EB, Kupersmith MJ. Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial.
JAMA. 2014;311(16):1641-1651.
IIHTT; in idiopathic intracranial hypertension with mild visual loss, acetazolamide added to a low-sodium weight-reduction diet gave modest improvement in visual-field function, papilledema, and quality of life versus diet plus placebo.